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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE CHIAPAS

LIC. EN ENSEÑANZA DEL INGLES 

FACULTAD DE LENGUAS CAMPUS TUXTLA

Susana Cal y Mayor Narváez

Alejandra L. Palacios Rodríguez 

DESCRIPCIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA DEL INGLES

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Reciprocal Pronoun

A reciprocal pronoun is used to indicate that two or more people are carrying out or have carried out an action of some type, with both receiving the benefits or consequences of that action simultaneously. Any time something is done or given in return, reciprocal pronouns are used. 

There are only two reciprocal pronouns.

• Each other
• One another

Use:

There must be two or more people, things or groups involved (so we cannot use reciprocal pronouns with I, you [singular], he/she/it).

When you want to refer to two people, you will normally use “each other.”

When referring to more than two people, you will normally use “one another.”

Example:

Maria and Juan kissed each other at the end of the ceremony.

The students congratulated one another after giving practice speeches.

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Reference

In semantics, reference is generally construed as the relationships between nouns or pronouns and objects that are named by them. Hence, the word "John" refers to the person John. The word "it" refers to some previously specified object. 

The object referred to is called the referent of the word. Sometimes the word-object relation is called "denotation"; the word denotes the object. 

The converse relation, the relation from object to word, is called "exemplification"; the object exemplifies what the word denotes. In syntactic analysis, if a word refers to a previous word, the previous word is called the "antecedent".

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Reflexive Vs. Intensive Pronouns

An intensive pronoun is almost identical to a reflexive pronoun. It is defined as a pronoun that ends in self or selves and places emphasis on its antecedent by referring back to another noun or pronoun used earlier in the sentence

You can tell the difference between a reflexive pronoun and an intensive pronoun easily: Intensive pronouns aren’t essential to a sentence’s basic meaning. Understanding this basic difference will help to prevent you from confusing the two.

Both intensive and reflexive pronouns end in the suffix –self or –selves, however reflexive pronouns are always objects that refer to a sentence’s subject. The following example shows a reflexive pronoun in action:

Jim made himself coffee.

Without the reflexive pronoun himself, it would be impossible for the reader to know who Jim made coffee for.

In the next example, himself is used as an intensive pronoun. The reader would be able to understand the sentence’s complete meaning without this pronoun, but it serves to add emphasis:

·        Jim made coffee for the king himself.

Here, himself refers to the king rather than to Jim. The reader is meant to be impressed that Jim made coffee for the king.

Common Intensive Pronouns:

The following list contains the most commonly used examples of intensive pronouns.

• ·        Himself
• ·        Herself
• ·        Yourself
• ·        Themselves
• ·        Ourselves

In English grammar, a reflexive pronoun indicates that the person who is realizing the action of the verb is also the recipient of the action. While this might seem strange at first glance, the following examples of reflexive pronouns and the accompanying list of reflexive pronouns will help you gain thorough understanding.

Examples of Reflexive Pronouns:

·        In the following examples of reflexive pronouns, the reflexive pronoun in each sentence is italicized.

• ·        I was in a hurry, so I washed the car myself.
• ·        You’re going to have to drive yourself to school today.
• ·        He wanted to impress her, so he baked a cake himself.
• ·        Jennifer does chores herself because she doesn’t trust others to do them right

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Regular Verbs

A regular verb is one that conforms to the usual rule for forming its simple past tense and its past participle. A regular verb is any verb whose conjugation follows the typical pattern, or one of the typical patterns, of the language to which it belongs.

With the exception of the highly irregular verb be, an English verb can have up to five forms: its plain form (or bare infinitive), a third person singular present tense, a past tense (or preterite), a past participle, and the -ing form that serves as both a present participle and gerund.

The rules for the formation of the inflected parts of regular verbs are given in detail in the article on English verbs. In summary they are as follows:

•The third person singular present tense is formed by adding the ending -s (or -es after certain letters) to the plain form. When the plain form ends with the letter -y following a consonant, this becomes -ies. The ending is pronounced /s/ after a voiceless consonant sound (as in hops, halts, packs, bluffs, laughs), or /z/ after a voiced consonant or vowel sound (as in robs, lends, begs, sings, thaws, flies, sighs), but /ɪz/ after a sibilant (passes, pushes, marches).

•The past tense and past participle are identical; they are formed with the ending -ed, which as in the previous case has three different pronunciations (/t/, /d/, /ɪd/). Certain spelling rules apply, including the doubling of consonants before the ending in forms like conned and preferred. There is some variation in the application of these spelling rules with some rarer verbs, and particularly with verbs ending -c (panic–panicked, zinc–zinc(k)ed, arc–arced, etc.), meaning that these forms are not fully predictable, but such verbs are not normally listed among the irregular ones. (The verbs lay and pay, however, are commonly listed as irregular, despite being regular in terms of pronunciation – their past forms have the anomalous spellings laid and paid.)

•The present participle/gerund is formed by adding -ing, again with the application of certain spelling rules similar to those that apply with -ed.

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Relative Pronoun

A relative pronoun is one, which is used to refer to nouns mentioned previously, whether they are people, places, things, animals, or ideas. Relative pronouns can be used to join two sentences.

There are only a few relative pronouns in the English language. The most common are which, that, whose, whoever, whomever, who, and whom. In some situations, the words what, when, and where can also function as relative pronouns.

Examples: The cyclist who won the race trained hard. The pants that I bought yesterday are already stained.

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Rhythm

In linguistics, rhythm or isochrony is one of the three aspects of prosody, along with stress and intonation. Languages can be categorized according to whether they are syllable-timed, mora-timed, or stress-timed.

Speakers of syllable-timed languages such as Spanish and Cantonese put roughly equal time on each syllable; in contrast, speakers of stressed-timed languages such as English and Mandarin Chinese put roughly equal time lags between stressed syllables, with the timing of the unstressed syllables in between them being adjusted to accommodate the stress timing.

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