Semantics is primarily the linguistic, and also
philosophical, study of meaning—in language, programming languages,
formal logics, and semiotics. It focuses on the relationship between signifiers—like words, phrases, signs,
and symbols—and what they stand for, their denotation.
Mostrando las entradas con la etiqueta S. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando las entradas con la etiqueta S. Mostrar todas las entradas
lunes, 24 de abril de 2017
Semiotics
It is the study of meaning-making,
the study of sign processes and meaningful communication. This includes the
study of signs and sign
processes (semiosis), indication,
designation, likeness, analogy, allegory, metonymy, metaphor symbolism, signification, and communication
The semiotic tradition explores the
study of signs and symbols as a significant part of communications. As
different from linguistics, however, semiotics also studies non-linguistic sign systems.
Sense
In linguistics, a word sense is one of the meanings of a word.
For example, a dictionary may have over 50 different senses of
the word play, each of
these having a different meaning based on the context of the word's usage in a sentence,
as follows:
·
We went to see the play Romeo and Juliet at the theater.
·
The coach devised a great play that put the visiting team on the
defensive.
·
The children went out to play in the park.
In each sentence we associate a different meaning of the word
"play" based on hints the rest of the sentence gives us.
People and computers, as
they read words, must use a process called word-sense
disambiguation to find the
correct meaning of a word. This process uses context to narrow the possible senses down to
the probable ones. The context includes such things as the ideas conveyed by
adjacent words and nearby phrases, the known or probable purpose and register of the conversation or document, and
the orientation (time and place) implied or expressed.
Speech Act
A speech act in linguistics and
the philosophy of language is an utterance that has performative
function in language and communication.
According to Kent
Bach, "almost any speech act is really the performance of several acts at
once, distinguished by different aspects of the speaker's intention: there is
the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, such as requesting or
promising, and how one is trying to affect one's audience."
The contemporary use
of the term goes back to J. L. Austin's development of performative
utterances and his theory of locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary
acts. Speech acts are commonly taken to include such acts as promising,
ordering, greeting, warning, inviting and congratulating.
Speech Circuit
Allows
us to transmit information, if the circuit does not work properly we will not
be able to communicate. The speech circuit has the following components:
•
Medium / Channel: The communication process using this code requires a channel
for the transmission of the signals. The Channel would be the physical medium
through which communication is transmitted.
•
Code: It is the set of signs that must be shared by the sender and receiver of
a message so that it is understood.
•
Context: Circumstances in which messages are produced. It is what the message
speaks about.
•
Sender / Encoder: Subject that emits or encodes a message. It is the one who is
in charge of transmitting a message which is an idea or information.
•
Message: The information is everything that the sender expresses.
•
Receiver / Decoder: Subject that receives or decodes the message.
•
Interference: It is the interference that occurs in the communication, which
causes a confusion in the messages, or, that these.
Stranding
Traditional grammatical rules say
that we should not have a preposition at the end of a clause or sentence.
However, we sometimes do separate a preposition from the words which follow it
(its complement). This is called preposition stranding, and it is common
in informal styles:
- She was someone to whom he could talk. (formal)
- She was someone who he could talk to. (informal)
- Which room are they having
breakfast in? (informal)
- In which room are they having
breakfast? (formal)
If we leave out words that are
clear from the context (ellipsis), we can use wh-questions with a wh-word + stranded preposition:
A: The office is moving next year.
B: Really, where to?
A: I’m going to buy some flowers online.
B: Who for?
A: My mother.
Subject Pronoun
A subject pronoun is exactly what it sounds like: a pronoun that takes
the place of a noun as the subject of a sentence. Remember, a sentence’s
subject is the person or thing that performs the action of a verb. When you
take an even closer look, you’ll see that a subject pronoun is used as the
subject of a verb, while an object pronoun is usually used as a grammatical
object.
Subject pronouns can be singular or plural, and they can be masculine,
feminine, or gender neutral. The masculine or feminine subject pronoun is used
when gender is known; when referring to an inanimate object, the gender-neutral
form “it” is used.
Examples: We gave them a head start in the race.
You told Jerry that his score was among the best; that made him feel better.
Superlative Adjectives
Superlative
adjectives express the greatest increase or decrease of the quality; it conveys
the supreme value of the noun in question.
For instance, 'He is the richest man
in this town'. Here, the word 'richest' is the superlative adjective which
shows a comparison individually.
- Mary is the tallest of all the students.
- I am in the smallest class in the school.
- This is the most interesting subject for me.
Synonym
A synonym is a
word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase
in the same language. Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous, and the state of being a
synonym is called synonymy.
Examples of synonyms are the words begin, start, commence,
and initiate.
Words can be synonymous when meant in certain senses,
even if they are not synonymous in all of their senses.
